A Peek into the Black and White World

From my blog:

I have Haredi cousins.

I did not know this until last Friday night, enjoying couch-conversation with one of said cousins before Shabbat dinner.

So many different types of Jews...

So many different types of Jews…

“So what do people in this neighborhood call themselves?” I asked, wondering (after seeing all the black hats and streimels) which sect of Ultra-Orthodoxy I had resigned myself to for Shabbat.

“Mostly Haredi,” she replied. “Some Hassidish and Chabad, but most people are Haredi.” She paused, then added, “I’m Haredi.”

What is “Haredi”? According to the Oxford University Press, Haredi is defined as: “a member of any of various Orthodox Jewish sects characterized by strict adherence to the traditional form of Jewish law and rejection of modern secular culture.” Therefore, I was very surprised to find out that my cousin works for Continue reading

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[PCJE Dvar Torah] ‘Can’t Elijah Let Himself In?’ by Hannah Grossman

Throughout Pesach my mind has been overflowing with questions, thoughts and new insights. As I ponder what to share with you, I recall one tradition which gets my mind thinking every year.

After the birkat hamazon (grace after meals) a cup set aside for the prophet Elijah is poured and we open the door for him.

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When I was younger I vividly recall simultaneously believing that Elijah would be in a physical form standing at the door and I remember staring at Elijah’s cup, imagining an immaterial being drinking from it. The forms of his existence as well as these traditions were an enigma to me at the time and continue to draw my attention.

This tradition is fraught with possible meanings, some of which are as follows: Continue reading

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[PCJE Dvar Torah] AdAm Mayer — Vayera 5773: Hachnasat Orchim

Every Shabbat when I sit down to eat dinner I start by singing Shalom Alechem, a song of welcoming angels.  The four verses of this song begin as follows: “Shalom” – a greeting, “Boachem” – bringing in, “Barchuni” – asking blessing, and “Tzetchem” – leaving.  I would like to suggest that this song can inform our understanding and practice of welcoming in guests, hachnasat orchim, which we learn from the actions of Avraham Avinu in the weekly parsha.

Vayera begins with Avraham sitting at the entrance of his tent. “He [Avraham] raised his eyes and saw: here were three people standing near him. He saw, and he ran to greet them from the opening of his tent and bowed to the ground.” (Genesis 18: 2)  According to the model that Avraham is teaching, the first stage of hachnasat orchim is actively going out and finding guests.  Avraham was not waiting in his tent, willing to host anyone who might come; rather he was sitting in his doorway looking and waiting for guests.  I find it easy to read excitement and alacrity into his actions described in the pasuk. This is the verse of Shalom Alechem, teaching us to actively look for people to bring in.

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[PCJE Dvar Torah] Avi Spodek: In Memory of Leah Topper, a”h, Noach 5773

In memory/honor of Leibka Feiga bat Chanoch A”H (Laura Faye Topper)

This week marks the 9th anniversary of my mother-in-law’s passing.

Laura suffered most of her adult life from Multiple Sclerosis, a disease that slows down or blocks messages between the brain and the body and causes – amongst other symptoms – visual disturbances, muscle weakness and thinking and memory problems. While there are treatments that can slow the disease, there is no cure for it.

I was only privileged to meet Laura during the final months of her life. But while I didn’t get to spend a lot of time with her, I was privy to observing her recite Birkat Hamazon numerous times. Being in her company during those moments was inspirational, as it seemed to me that I was in the presence of a Tzadika (righteous woman).

The term tzadik shows up for the first time in Jewish literature in the first verse of this week’s parsha, as follows:

אלה תולדות נח: נח איש צדיק, תמים היה בדורותיו

Rashi explains that the seemingly extra words תמים היה בדורותיו should be seen as a qualifier of Noach’s Tzedek, and he summarizes a midrash that provides two contrasting views of its quality.

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[Student Profile] Rob Murstein

Rob Murstein comes from a ‘very liturgical’ family; they attend Shabbat services every Friday evening, Saturday morning, and Saturday afternoon until havdalah. Rob’s father is a regular Torah reader at shulhis brother studied chazzanut with their cantor, and Rob himself read Torah at shul for the first time when he was six years old; and then again at age seven when his brother and sister became b’nai mitzvah. The Mursteins also enjoyed their long Pesach seders, reveling in singing Birkat Hamazon.

At age 11, the young man began to study Chumash, Mishnah and Gemara with his rabbi, which whetted his appetite for Jewish learning, and he increasingly grew to wonder about Judaism beyond his affiliation with the other members of his family’s Boca Raton country club. Rob’s five summers at Camp Ramah Darom also gave him exposure to many empowered, inspiring staff members; and sharpened his sense that there was something more to Judaism that he wasn’t finding in his home environment.

Then – not long after Rob’s bar mitzvahContinue reading

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“Frum Week”

Facinating article for discussion from Reform Judaism Magazine (for the record, I stumbled upon it via a positive review on an Orthodox site): http://reformjudaismmag.org/Articles/index.cfm?id=2854

Campus Life 201: Trying Out Frum
by Emily Langowitz

For the past week, my alarm has gone off every morning at seven—the click of the radio calling me to another day of altered consciousness. I have risen and washed my hands, recited b’rachot, and—covering my elbows, knees, collar bones—snuck out of the sleepy silence of my bedroom into the briskness of an autumn dawn.

For seven days, I have davened (worshiped) shacharit, mincha, and maariv. I have categorized my food, separating meat and dairy, and offered thanks after meals. Most of all, I have kept close watch on myself, pausing to take the pulse of my religious identity, as I’ve tried, for a week only, to experience a different way of being a Jew.

Having been raised in a committed Reform household, I’ve long known that being a Reform Jew allows me a great deal of personal autonomy in Jewish practice. But…with freedom comes the responsibility of choice. To fulfill myself in a Reform context, I don’t need to observe every commandment, but I do need to know the answer to a very important question: Why? Why do I choose to observe one ritual or commandment and not another?

In college, the why problem magnified. More options for Jewish practice existed than I’d ever realized. And I no longer had to be wedded to practices just because they were “the way I was raised.” How, for example, could I be sure that I was the type of Jew who prayed only on Shabbat, if I’d never tried anything different?

And so I came up with “frum week.” For seven days, I would do every Jewish ritual I could think of—big or small, no exceptions—to see whether rituals I had never tried or been mindful of would be meaningful to me.

Frum week required much more diligence and mental exertion than I’d anticipated. I’d thought studying for Organic Chemistry exams was hard, but nothing gets those brain cells firing like trying to figure out how to eat without violating the rules of kashrut. A previously unknown state of hyper-consciousness was required before I could touch anything on my tray. I found myself in Catch-22 situations daily: If I didn’t eat bread with my meal, I had to figure out four separate blessings before I could start; but if I did, I had to recite the motzi (blessing over bread) at the beginning and the long birkat hamazon at meal’s end. Did my quinoa with roasted peppers count as a grain or a vegetable? My roommate brought home cookies—were they hekshered (determined to be kosher)? If so, were they dairy? If dairy, when was the last time I had eaten meat? And how was I to categorize various soups? I would stand in the lunch line, chatting with someone about how I had to say a b’rachah before I ate anything, and only then realize I’d been picking string beans off of my plate for a full minute without a second thought. I had never realized how mindless eating could be for me until I was suddenly forced to think about everything I put near my mouth.

Though I had twenty years of practicing my way, in the span of only a week I adapted to a new pattern. One day I got the blessings completely right, and I felt like a champion. And by day five I’d cut two minutes off of the time it took to recite the birkat hamazon.

One of the surprising side effects of being aware all the time was never feeling like I overate. It’s so easy to sit in the college dining hall for an hour talking to your friends and constantly refilling your plate. But during frum week I had to say something to mark when my meal started and when it ended. And in that blessing, I was thanking God for satiating me—not for giving me too much, not for a mountainous abundance of chocolate chip cookies, but for being satisfied. I had assumed that thinking about food constantly would make me want to consume it all the time, but because eating was framed by something meaningful, it had the opposite effect.

The new rules I chose to observe also increased other people’s awareness of me. I’d like to think that before frum week I wasn’t parading around campus in overly revealing clothing, but still, wearing long skirts, cardigans, and crew neck tops represented a recognizable change in my wardrobe. Inquiries from friends about my new “uniform” often elicited explanations about my project. As for strangers who passed me in the street, no one treated me any differently, but I felt different, knowing that they recognized that I was, if not certainly Jewish, then at least a member of a community that required modesty of women. It was disconcerting for me to so publicly manifest a normally internal part of my identity. My male friends who wear kippot validated this feeling of hyperconsciousness. Some said wearing a kippah made them reluctant to act inappropriately, for fear of feeding negative stereotypes; others commented that it gave them the incentive to do something nice for others. Throughout the week I remained ambivalent on the clothing issue. On the one hand, being so easily singled out by appearance made me feel unique and important. On the other, I felt that displaying my Judaism so prominently caused others to see my identity along only one dimension.

Prayer was by far the most challenging part of my week. It wasn’t carving out the time from a Yale academic schedule that was so difficult; in fact, having those necessary breaks and seeing the same people at the same hours every day because of a prescribed rhythm was incredibly calming. What was hard was figuring out how to have some sort of meeting with God on a fixed schedule instead of coming to it on my own. I was going to have to pray shacharit each morning at the 7:30 service whether I was ready to or not, so how was I going to make the experience spiritually meaningful? Also, the mode of prayer made me feel disconnected. There was just too much I didn’t know—I was using an unfamiliar siddur, and even though I’m fairly fluent in reading Hebrew, I could barely keep up with the pace set by my peers, who had a lifetime’s experience of saying the same words day in and day out. I was constantly trying to figure out how many pages I was behind or which prayers I could skip. It was a good day if I could make it through the Amidah once before the leader finished his repetition.

I did, however, gain a very important understanding from davening with others. Before frum week, I had assumed that more observant Jews were just speed reading through the prayers, as compared to the Reform Jews in my home congregation, who actively participated in musical prayer services—the kind of service which often helped me feel connected to God. But after spending so much time experiencing this different style of prayer, I begin to sense that the “mumbling” was really its own type of music, with its own rhythm, its own voice rising and falling.

The new level of observance I experienced during frum week also gave me a different way of connecting to God. Previously I believed that some undercurrent of Divinity was in the world around me; to experience it I simply needed to enter the world with open eyes and wait for God’s presence to appear to me. During frum week, each action I took was a forced pause of mindfulness of the Divine, an awareness that my every deed was meant to advance me toward God, regardless of how I was feeling at that moment.

As the week progressed, it became quite clear that I had embarked on a personal test—an experiment of trying out a lifestyle that ultimately was not for me. On one level I recognized that the painful, exhaustive reality of getting so little sleep overshadowed the wonder of walking out into the dawn for shacharit. But on a deeper level, it was unsettling to know that as a woman I simply did not count. However warm a community I had found in those shared, carved-out hours of the day, I would not be able to continue praying in it.

Now that an extinguished havdallah candle has marked the end of my altered lifestyle, my clavicles once again see the sun. And with the return to the comfort of familiar words, familiar prayers, familiar orders of the day, my former why? has been replaced with: What do I continue?

I still don’t have an answer. I am unsure.

Here is what I do know: I will always welcome the opportunity to share in another person’s reckoning with the Divine. I will always continue to ask questions of others and of myself.
While this week may have appeared the very antithesis of Reform Jewish practice, it would not have been a success without the strength I have gained from my own denomination. This week gave the informed choices I make as a Reform Jew renewed depth and meaning.

Whether I choose for my alarm to go off tomorrow morning at seven or at nine, I do know that a world filled with God, and with people doing their best to reach God, is what I will be waking up to. For me, all the rest of Judaism—the ritual, the prayers, the understanding of Torah—is built around this one unchangeable truth.

—Emily Langowitz, a senior at Yale University and member of Temple Beth Elohim, Wellesley, Massachusetts

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[PEP Student] Establishi​ng an Enduring State

Dear Friends,

This week’s parsha, Parshat Bechukotai, has prompted me to return to the subject of Israel and explore my relationship and understandings of this place as a reality and an ideal. There is a bizarre word in the parsha, which funnily enough I’ve encountered countless times before reading the parsha this week, as it appears in Birkat Hamazon (Grace After Meals).

The word is קוֹמְמִיּוּת (komemiyut) and it emerges at the start of the parsha, after a series of blessings God promises the Jewish People if they keep God’s commandments. The Torah says:


יב וְהִתְהַלַּכְתִּי, בְּתוֹכְכֶם, וְהָיִיתִי לָכֶם, לֵא-לֹהִים; וְאַתֶּם, תִּהְיוּ-לִי לְעָם


12 And I [God] will walk among you, and will be your God, and you shall be My people.


יג אֲנִי ה’ אֱ-לֹהֵיכֶם, אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתִי אֶתְכֶם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם, מִהְיֹת לָהֶם, עֲבָדִים; וָאֶשְׁבֹּר מֹטֹת עֻלְּכֶם, וָאוֹלֵךְ אֶתְכֶם קוֹמְמִיּוּת


13 I am the LORD your God, who brought you forth out of the land of Egypt, that you should not be their bondmen; and I have broken the bars of your yoke, and made you go upright.  (Leviticus 26:12-13)


This term (komemiyut) does not appear anywhere else in the Bible. (In academic study of the Bible, a word that is written only once in the Bible is called a hapax legomenon.) As such, it is even more difficult to discern the meaning of this word since it does not appear in any other biblical texts. Nevertheless, we shall endeavour to uncover the significance of this term and hopefully gain insight into the contexts in which the word (komemiyut) is employed.

First, let us examine the immediate context of this word. In the parsha, God has just listed a series of blessings God will bestow on the Jewish People as long as they are faithful to the Torah. Moreover, God promises that God will relieve the Jewish People of their burdens and “make them walk/go komemiyut. So what kind of relief is God bringing the nation here? What does God plan to do after the yoke has been lifted off of them? Once the Jewish People have been liberated from physical and spiritual bondage of Egypt, what’s next?

The Torah seems to suggest that the transition from Egypt to a life operating on the principles and practices of the Torah is a difficult one. Therefore, God reassures the people that God will be with them and assist them in tackling the world as they endeavour to live a meaningful Jewish life, and maybe especially establishing that life in the Land of Israel.

Although somewhat of a dense work, The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon sheds some light on this subject with numerous definitions of the Hebrew root ק-ו-מ which is found in our hapax legomenon of קוֹמְמִיּוּת.

Possible Definitions of קוֹמְמִיּוּת based on the Hebrew root ק-ו-מ
  1. to become powerful, to revolt/be hostile, impose (v.)
  2. establishment (n.)
  3. to persist (v.)
  4. carry out, give effect to an oath or covenant (v.)
קוֹמְמִיּוּת
  1. standing up, enduring (adj.)
  2. uprightness – upright, i.e. as freeman (n.)
So, what are we to make of all of this academic unpacking of the word קוֹמְמִיּוּת?

I think קוֹמְמִיּוּת means all of these things listed above. It means endurance and establishment, and maybe even with some hostility and force at times. But it also expresses a desire to persist and to carry out a legacy, a covenant. In order to do so, one must stand firm in one’s beliefs, confident that goodness will surely follow.

I believe that the language of קוֹמְמִיּוּת exemplifies my relationship to and vision of Israel and the founding of a Jewish State. More specifically, Birkat Hamazon also illustrates this objective, as it says:

הרחמן הוא יוליכנו מהרה קוממיות לארצנו

O Merciful One, who will bring us speedily in קוֹמְמִיּוּת to our land.

In this text we ask God to show us mercy and enable us to live out the values and norms laid out in the Torah, and specifically in the Land of Israel. And I suppose in some sense this is how I experience Israel: it is a place that requires tremendous persistence and drive to live up to the standards set forth in the Torah. But it is also a place which enables a life of meaning and consequently elevates my soul. Yet, it is not always easy to experience this elevated spiritual existence personally and/or in the public realm. And so, we strive to endure in this place not for its own sake, but for the sake of what it represents. Every day we aspire to re-establish the State, cultivating our highest values such as compassion, dignity, justice and peace.

As I think about transitioning my life here to North America, I am concerned that I will not be able to recreate the sanctity and spiritual elevation that I experience here. But I suppose this parsha gives me comfort in knowing that this is a struggle that the Torah anticipated. More than that, God offers to support the Jewish People in their venture to live a sanctified life.

I hope and pray that God will bless us all, giving us strength and wisdom to stand upright and firmly realize our vision for Israel, with limited hostility, so that the legacy of the Torah and the Jewish People will endure.

Shabbat Shalom,
Tamara
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